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Home CCSU Theses & Dissertations The spirit of the other St. Louis : the 1930's refugee crisis and levels of hope / Jeffrey P. Widem

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Identifier	Thesis 1512
Author	Widem, Jeffrey P
Title	The spirit of the other St. Louis : the 1930's refugee crisis and levels of hope / Jeffrey P. Widem
Publisher	Central Connecticut State University
Date	1998
Resource Type	Master's Thesis
Notes	The purpose of this paper is to document the history and voyage of the Hamburg-American Line steamer the St. Louis, loaded with 908 German Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. In May 1939, the ship went to Cuba to wait out United States immigration quotas. The ship represented a precedent to unanswered asylum in the United States for all persecuted refugees in pre-World War Two Europe. The passengers, among the millions in Europe and on ships, sought asylum in places such as the Caribbean, Shanghai, and Palestine. The fact the United States refused to admit the St. Louis closed a possible precedent that could have saved millions of lives before Germany began the holocaust. The research for this thesis began with general works on United States immigration policy and the 1930's refugee crisis. It then expanded into specific works on Europe and pre-war Nazi Germany. Journal, magazines, and newspapers such as the New York Times, New Republic, and The Nation, were surveyed for details on the St. Louis, other ships, and refugee conditions in Europe. Primary books on the refugee crisis and newspaper accounts added perspective and context to the plight of the St. Louis passengers. The total severity of the refugee crisis of millions of people across Europe became compelling reading. The St. Louis's arrival in Cuba, 90 miles of the coast of the United States, highlighted nation's fears of refugee over-flow and responses to it with restrictive immigration polices, quota systems, and anti-Semitism. The flight of the St.Louis became a voyage of lost hope. Most of the passengers who later arrived in England remained safe. Yet, those sent to the Netherlands, Belgium, and France became victims again under future German occupation. The conclusion of the St. Louis, is people in extreme circumstances still need immediate help or more lives, due to inhumanity and unheard voices, will continue to be lost. Chapter One, An Introduction of Context, serves as a summation of the causes and scope of the 1930's refugee crisis and Nazi power and influence in Germany and Austria. The section also begins to detail the legal immigration blockages to asylums. Chapter Two, The United States: Immigration Policy Versus Asylum, is the history of the nation's laws and allowances to accept refugees. Government responses and fears are detailed in context to events in Europe and the United States National Origins Quotas. Chapter Three, Refugee Highways: Refugees, Asylum, and Other Nation, is a study of refugees in Europe, nation's immigration policies, and searches for asylum. The section puts into context the overall plight of European refugees and the situation the passengers on the St. Louis tried to escape. Chapter Four, The St. Louis as a Refugee Issue and Pattern, is an in-depth study of conditions in Europe for refugees and nation's actions toward them and the ships they traveled on. The chapter documents the St. Louis as one of many ships who pleaded for safety from Nazi Germany and anti-Jewish laws which exported the nation's "unwanted." The sheer number of refugees is compared with German laws and nation's immigration blocks that prevented millions from havens. Chapter Five, Flight of the St. Louis, details the passenger's hope for asylum in Cuba by way of the United States. The chapter further enforces the inhumanity of the United States in denying the ship asylum, as well as the fate the passengers returned to in occupied Europe. Chapter Six, Lost Havens, details the St. Louis's appeals for a haven, as it cruised off Miami, Florida, towards landing the passengers away from harm. The section incorporates contemporary events in the United States and other refugees in similar situations without asylum or hope. The final section, The Landing and Conclusions, is a daily history of the ship in limbo between Cuba and the United States and a return to Europe. The chapter also provides perspective on later refugee crises and the United States' response.
Subject	St. Louis (Ship) Jews -- Germany -- History -- 1933-1945 Jewish refugees
Department	Department of History
Advisor	Mezvinsky, Norton
Type	Text
Digital Format	application/pdf
Language	eng
OCLC number	40049164
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The spirit of the other St. Louis : the 1930's refugee crisis and levels of hope / Jeffrey P. Widem

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