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Phylogeographic Analysis of Historical Gene Flow of Phrynosoma hernandesi and Phrynosoma douglasi Populations in the Madrean Sky Islands and Western North America

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Identifier	Thesis 1822
Author	Burt, Austin T.
Title	Phylogeographic Analysis of Historical Gene Flow of Phrynosoma hernandesi and Phrynosoma douglasi Populations in the Madrean Sky Islands and Western North America
Publisher	Central Connecticut State University
Date	2006
Resource Type	Dissertation
Notes	Phylogeography using nested clade analysis (NCA) is able to apply biological inferences to the history of populations of organisms independent of the population's structure. In the Western United States, phrynosomatine lizards have a complex history coupled to geologic and climatic changes from mountain uplift to glaciation events that have restricted or eliminated gene flow between populations of horned lizards. The Madrean archipelago populations of Phrynosoma hernandesi in Arizona and New Mexico have possibly undergone several vicariant events, with the recession of the Wisconsinite glacier 8,000 years ago being the most likely recent. This study examined populations of P. hernandesi, P. douglasi and P. ditmarsi, for patterns of gene flow with a particular focus on the Madrean archipelago populations of P. hernandesi due to their restriction to the relictual high-elevation mesic habitats. NADH subunit 4 (ND4) mtDNA gene sequences were taken from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) constituting 39 localities and a sample size of 65 individuals of 46 haplotypes. Two samples, P. obiculare and P. platyrhinos, were used as outgroups independent of the nested clade analysis. Gene sequences were bootstrapped with 95 replicates and 10 random additions with all characters being unwieghted to generate a phylogenetic tree. Three main clades were recovered, but with low bootstrap support. A computer program that generated a haplotype cladogram using the gene sequences were used to determine nesting levels. Nested clade analysis of the data tested for geographic correlations to haplotypes. The results from NCA were uniformly in favor of accepting the null hypothesis of no geographic correlation to the haplotypes in present day population distributions of Phrynosoma. Geographic overlays of the sample locations using a distance matrix for ND4 suggests correlations of haplotype to geography, but the lack of statistical significance and the non-specificity of locations preclude any definitive conclusions. One haplotype from Cochise County, Arizona appears to have diverged significantly from the three species complexes in the study. The level of divergence of 10% with 6.957% from the sampled haplotypes suggests a Madrean endemic. Average mutational steps of five or more between different samples suggest no gene flow at all for some time. Two samples from Arizona and Texas were unconnected to the three main clades of P. douglasi and P. hernandesi and appear to be undergoing lineage sorting. Because of the small size and the lack of connection to the three clades, they were excluded from the NCA as well as three P. ditmarsi samples. The patterns of divergence within and between clades coupled with the results of the bootstrap search suggest that more robust phylogenetic work be done to clarify relationships among the clades of P. douglasi and P. hernandesi.
Subject	Phrynosoma hernandesi -- Southwest, New Phrynosoma douglasii -- Southwest, New Horned toads -- Southwest, New
Department	Department of Biological Sciences
Advisor	Doan, Tiffany M.
Type	Text
Digital Format	application/pdf
Language	eng
OCLC number	713735065
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Home CCSU Theses & Dissertations Phylogeographic Analysis of Historical Gene Flow of Phrynosoma hernandesi and Phrynosoma douglasi ...

Phylogeographic Analysis of Historical Gene Flow of Phrynosoma hernandesi and Phrynosoma douglasi Populations in the Madrean Sky Islands and Western North America

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