Acetaminophen is extensively used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent, but at high doses it causes liver damage. The major metabolic pathways of acetaminophen are glucuronidation and sulfation. In addition to these pathways, acetaminophen...
The discovery of antibiotics was one of the greatest discoveries of the 21st 20th century (Van Kraaig, 1999 and Livermore, 2004). The current need for new antibiotics to fight bacterial pathogens that have become resistant is growing every day. ...
During the development of potential protein or antibody therapeutics in a pharmaceutical environment, the use of animal models as test subjects is a necessary requirement. The dosing of mice, rats, and primates is essential to drug development...
AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) is a primary energy sensor that controls energy use and production during metabolic cellular stress, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. AMPK activation results in inhibition of anabolic processes and promotion...
The prophage of bacteriophage P1 is a unit copy plasmid, stable in Escherichia coli during cell division due to its partition system. The active P1 partition system consists of two genes, parA and parB, and a cis-site, parS. ParS contains all of...
The tick has ability to transmit a greater variety of infectious agents to humans and other animal species than any other blood-feeding arthropod. Feeding over a period of days induces specific host hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses....
The frizzy (fr) mutation in Mus musculus affects hair structure and formation. Early studies demonstrated that the gene responsible for frizzy assorts to mouse Chromosome 7 along with pink-eyed dilution (p), chinchilla (cch), and shaker-1 (sh-1). ...
Myrmecochory is a widespread and diverse mutualism between ants and flowering plants in which a modified seed appendage, an elaiosome, is provided to ants as a food reward. In eastern North American forests, ants of the genus Aphaenogaster disperse...
Myogenesis is an important process that occurs during the developmental stages of an embryo. Stem cells learn of their fate during this course if they will become muscle cells and from there, differentiation within those muscle cells will take...
Rats lacking normal hairy coats were discovered several years ago among our colony of hairy albino rats. The trait was found to be controlled by a recessive allele of a gene we designated shorn (shn), which mapped to distal end of rat chromosome 7....
RNA editing is a mechanism which is used to increase the number of possible protein products from a specific gene. The catalytic enzymes for RNA editing are known to be present in a wide variety of organisms, including many different insects. It...
A-to-I RNA editing is an enzymatic reaction commonly found in the nervous system of various organisms. The mechanism behind this post-transcriptional modification is the hydrolytic deamination of Adenosine to Inosine by a family of enzymes known as...
