AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) is a primary energy sensor that controls energy use and production during metabolic cellular stress, such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. AMPK activation results in inhibition of anabolic processes and promotion...
Cell Migration is an integral part of normal biological development and biological processes, but also plays an important role in pathogenic processes including the progression of cancer towards metastasis. The mechanisms that regulate cell...
During the development of potential protein or antibody therapeutics in a pharmaceutical environment, the use of animal models as test subjects is a necessary requirement. The dosing of mice, rats, and primates is essential to drug development...
Repeated exposure to addictive drugs causes unmistakable changes to occur on both a neuronal and a behavioral level. Certain circuits in the brain of an addict are forced to change and adapt to an environment of drug-induced chemical imbalance....
The ability of embryonic stem cells to give rise to all cells comprising the three germ layers – endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm – highlights a powerful in vivo system for the study of early embryonic development. Human embryonic stem cell...
The autosomal recessive mshi mutation in BALB/cBy mice phenotypically causes reduced testis size and male sterility in homozygotes. The development of the mshi male generative organs, prior to three weeks of age, appears to lack observable...
The role of defensive pessimism in memory recall was examined in a comparison of an imagery and non-imagery technique; as compared to an individual’s own best method. Defensive pessimism, an academic motivational strategy used to harness anxiety...
To date, the exact etiology of migraine remains unknown. However, the medical community has accepted Moskowitz’s trigeminovascular hypothesis as the most acceptable explanation. Moskowitz proposes that both the trigeminovascular system and the...
