The role of defensive pessimism in memory recall was examined in a comparison of an imagery and non-imagery technique; as compared to an individual’s own best method. Defensive pessimism, an academic motivational strategy used to harness anxiety...
In recent years, mathematics instruction has been undergoing a change from a discipline that teaches procedures and skills to a more exploratory style, which creates a constructivist learning environment (Henningsen & Stein, 1997). There is now a...
